Legal Theory Blog: Legal Theory Lexicon: The Reasonable Person

Introduction

Today's?Legal theory Lexicon?is about the "reasonable person."

The notion of a "reasonable person" usually makes its first appearance in the?Torts?course. The context, of course, is the tort of negligence, where the "reasonable person" is used to define the standard of care that triggers liability for unintentional harms. But what makes a "reasonable person"?reasonable? The concept of the reasonable person is not limited to torts, however. The reasonable person makes appearances in criminal law, contract law, and elsewhere. As usual, the legal theory lexicon introduces the "reasonable person" for the law student with an interest in legal theory.

A cautionary note.?The word "reasonable" is used in a wide variety of legal contexts, some of which have very little to do with the reasonable person. In Antitrust law, for example, the notion of "an unreasonable restraint of trade" is crucially important, but this topic does not, at least on the surface, have anything to do with the reasonable person of torts and criminal law.

The Reasonable and the Rational

This is, after all,?Legal Theory Blog, so I hope you will forgive me for starting at a fairly high level of abstraction. "Reasonable" and "rational" are used in many different contexts and have a variety of meanings, but when I think about the "reasonable," the first thing that comes to mind is the distinction between the?reasonable?and the?rational?that was articulated by W.M. Sibley in a 1953 article but was made famous by?John Rawls.

When the rational is defined in contradistinction to the reasonable, rational usually refers to instrumental rationality--that is, the rationality of ends and means. Given that an agent has end X, it is rational for the agent to engage in action Y, only if Y will lead to X. Instrumental rationality is relative to the ends of a particular agent, and may (but need not) consider the interests of others. Thus, it may be instrumentally rational for me to steal from you, if you have something that I want and I have good reason to believe that I won't get caught. But it may also be rational for me to help a stranger, if I happen to have the welfare of others as my end.

When we contrast the reasonable with the rational, the notion of the reasonable goes beyond instrumental rationality. It may be rational for me to steal from you, but?unreasonable?for me to do so.?Why not??Well, that is quite a question. One answer is based on the idea that the reasonable is, in some way, connected to what could be justified to others. Another idea is that the reasonable is in some way specified by that to which others would consent.

So as we are thinking about the "reasonable person," it is important to distinguish her from her cousin, the "rational person." The rational person may or may not take the interests of others into account. To be a reasonable person, however, is to consider the interests or viewpoints of others--to give them their proper due.

Of course, all of this is terribly vague!?What does it mean "to give the interests of others their proper due"??How much is enough? How much is too much? So far, we have only the general concept of the reasonable person. In order to make use of the "reasonable person" in the law, we need a particular conception of the "reasonable person"--a set of standards or criteria that will enable us to sort the reasonable actions from the unreasonable ones.

Subjective and Objective Reasonableness

One more preliminary distinction--much is made of the difference between subjective and objective reasonableness. For example, we might, for example, distinguish between the "reasonable person" and the "reasonable intoxicated person" or the "reasonable person with a developmental disability" or the "reasonable person with a hot temper." Usually, we call the reasonable-person standard an?objective?standard, signifying that the we are not taking the particular characteristics of defendants in tort or criminal actions into account when we ask whether they met the relevant standard of care. Some critics of the reasonable person standard argue that its "objectivity" is a mask for a bias that favors some groups over others. On this, see Mayo Moran's?Rethinking the Reasonable Person: An Egalitarian Reconstruction of the Objective Standard.

Learned Hand and the Reasonable Person as Cost-Benefit Analyst

The conception of reasonableness that is most familiar to contemporary law students was introduced by Judge Learned Hand in the famous?Carroll Towing?case.

[T]he owner's duty, as in other similar situations, to provide against resulting injuries is a function of three variables: (1) The probability that she will break away; (2) the gravity of the resulting injury, if she does; (3) the burden of adequate precautions. Possibly it serves to bring this notion into relief to state it in algebraic terms: if the probability be called P; the injury, L; and the burden, B; liability depends upon whether B is less than L multiplied by P: i.e., whether B less than PL.

United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169, 173, reh'g denied, 160 F.2d 482 (2d Cir.1947); see also The T.J. Hooper, 60 F.2d 737, 740 (2d Cir.).

The meaning of the Learned-Hand B < P * L formula is very much disputed, but one powerful reading of?Carroll Towing?is that it adopts cost-benefit analysis as the test for negligence. The reasonable person, so the story goes, analyzes the costs and benefits of her actions and does not act in such a way so as to impose costs that are not justified by their benefits. Economists might associate the Hand formula with what the economic concept of efficiency, and specifically Kaldor-Hicks efficiency. (Follow this link for an explanation.)

Even if the Learned Hand formula is best interpreted as employing cost-benefit analysis or the economic idea of efficiency, it does not directly follow that the purpose of the law of negligence is itself to promote the most cost-beneficial consequences. It might be, for example, that a strict liability regime (rather than a negligence regime) will produce the best consequences. There are two different questions regarding the relationship between cost-benefit analysis and the reasonable person. (1) Does the reasonable person standard employ cost-benefit analysis as the criterion for negligence?, and (2) Does cost-benefit analysis support the choice of negligence (as opposed to strict liability or no liability) as the rule governing nonintentional torts? Once the questions are separated, it is clear that they are different. It might be that the law employs a cost-benefit (Learned Hand) test as the standard of care in negligence cases, but that this approach itself is not the best when judged by cost-benefit analysis.

Immanuel Kant and the Reasonable Person as Respecter of the Interests of Others

Although many scholars interpret the Learned Hand formula as an endorsement of an economic approach to the reasonable person, others reject this move. The Hand formula can also be interpreted as reflecting an argument of principle (or fairness). At a very high level of generality, we might say that the reasonable person treats others with respect. This approach to the reasonable person is roughly correlated with the?deontological?approach to moral philosophy, most famously associated with?Immanuel Kant?and his notion of a?categorical imperative. The reasonable person, we might say, acts so that the maxim of her action (the principle upon which she acts) could be willed as a universal law--or to be put it differently, the reasonable person treats others as ends-in-themselves and not only as means. In this vein, Ronald Dworkin has argued that the Learned Hand formula can be understood as reflecting the moral equality of persons.

Virtue Jurisprudence?and the Aretaic Conception of the Reasonable Person

Yet another approach to the "reasonable person" might be derived from Aristotelian moral theory (or?virtue ethics)--in particular from the idea that the focal standard for morality is the "virtuous agent," i.e. the person who posseses the moral and intellectual virtues.?What are these virtues??The moral virtuous include characteristics such as courage, good-temper, and temperance. The intellectual virtues are?sophia?(theoretical wisdom) and?phronesis?(practical wisdom). A difficulty with an?aretaic approach?to the reasonable person standard is that this standard seems too demanding. The Aristotelian person of virtue is a?phronimos, not a person of average ability but rather possessed of an extraordinary capacity to evaluate and choose.

And the winner is . . .

As you might guess, this is the point at which the?Legal Theory Lexicon?runs out of gas. Appropriately so. For this is a perennial question in legal theory--one for which simple and off-hand answers are hardly appropriate. But here is one more thing to consider. The contest between various interpretations of the "reasonable person" takes place at two different levels. First there is the level of fit. Which conception of the "reasonable person" is most consonant with the way that idea is used in the law? Second, there is the level of justification. Which conception of the "reasonable person" is supported by what we know about moral philosophy and political theory? And of course, it may turn out that the answers to these two distinct questions diverge. The best conception of the reasonable person may not be the conception that is implicit in the law of torts. And here is another complication. The reasonable person may wear a different suit of clothes to a tort case than she does to a criminal law case.?What then?

Conclusion

If you are a first-year law student reading this post, it is likely that you have recently or will soon make the acquaintance of the reasonable person. Understanding the reasonable person will not only be important to your study of torts and criminal law; the ideas with which you grapple in cases like?Carroll Towing?ramify throughout the law. Being able to articulate and argue about the proper interpretation of the reasonable-person standard equips you to understand debates about efficiency versus fairness (or deontology and consequentialism) that are fundamental to contemporary legal theory.

Related Lexicon Entries

Bibliography

• Heidi Li Feldman,?Prudence, Benevolence, and Negligence: Virtue Ethics and Tort Law, 74 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1431 (2000).
• Stephen Gilles,?On Determining Negligence: Hand Formula Balancing, the Reasonable Person Standard, and the Jury, 54 Vand. L. Rev. 813 (2001).
• John Gardner,?The Mysterious Case of the Reasonable Person, 51 U. Toronto L. J. 273 (2001).
• Kyron Huigens,?Virtue and Criminal Negligence, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 431, 447-58 (1998).
• Heidi M. Hurd,?The Deontology of Negligence, 76 B.U. L. Rev. 249 (1996).
• Gregory C. Keating,?Pressing Precaution Beyond the Point of Cost-Justification, 56 Vand. L. Rev. 653 (2003).
• Gregory C. Keating,?Reasonableness and Rationality in Negligence Theory, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 311 (1996).
• Mayo Moran's?Rethinking the Reasonable Person: An Egalitaraian Reconstruction of the Objective Standard?(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
• Stephen Perry,?Cost Benefit Analysis and the Negligence Standard, 54 Vanderbilt L. Rev. 893 (2001).
• Richard Posner,?Economic Analysis of Law?(6th ed. 2002).
• John Rawls,?Political Liberalism?(Paperback ed. 1995).
• Steven Shavell, Economic Analysis of Accident Law, (December 2002). Harvard Law and Economics Discussion Paper No. 396. http://ssrn.com/abstract=367800.
• W.M. Sibley,?The Rational and the Reasonable, 62 Phil. Rev. 554 (1953).
• Kenneth W. Simons,?Dimensions of Negligence in Criminal and Tort Law, 3 Theoretical Inquiries in Law 283 (2002).
• Kenneth W. Simons,?The Hand Formula in the?Draft Restatement (Third) of Torts: Encompassing Fairness as Well as Efficiency Values, 54 Vanderbilt L. Rev. 901 (2001).
• Kenneth W. Simons,?Negligence, 16 Social Philosophy and Policy 52 (1999).
• Kenneth W. Simons,?Deontology, Negligence, Tort, and Crime, 76 Boston U. L. Rev. 273 (1996).
• Richard W. Wright, The Standards of Care in Negligence Law, in Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law 249 (David G. Owen ed., 1995).

(This entry was last revised on October 30, 2011.)

Source: http://lsolum.typepad.com/legaltheory/2011/10/legal-theory-lexicon-the-reasonable-person.html

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Bachmann not worried by 4th place Iowa poll finish (Star Tribune)

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Alaska police say 1 dead in shooting at hotel (AP)

ANCHORAGE, Alaska ? A disgruntled former employee opened fire in an Anchorage hotel and killed a manager, setting off a four-hour search that ended with the gunman's arrest, authorities said early Sunday.

Kerry Fadely, 55, died in the shooting that occurred shortly after 6 p.m. Saturday at the Millennium Alaskan Hotel, police spokesman Lt. Dave Parker said.

Police locked down the hotel and carried out a room to room search. Police also surrounded the suspect's residence.

Victor Rodriguez Flores, 45, was arrested nearly four hours after the shooting near his home, located in the hotel neighborhood.

Sgt. Joe Masten told The Associated Press that the shooter was a disgruntled former employee who had been fired. He said the female manager was shot in a hotel kitchen.

Police said Fadely had been the suspect's supervisor until his dismissal a week ago.

Rodriguez Flores was charged with first-degree murder, Parker said.

He said some hotel employees witnessed the shooting and quickly identified the suspect for police.

Parker said hotel guests were asked to remain in their quarters and were evacuated as police methodically searched the building.

There were no reports of any other injuries.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/us/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111030/ap_on_re_us/us_anchorage_hotel_shooting

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Billboard battle: 'Wanted' posters v. blight fight

KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) ? Nearly a decade ago, a suburban Kansas City man desperately searching for his teenage daughter's killer divined an idea: Place a "wanted" poster with the suspect's picture on a billboard.

A year later Leawood, Kan., resident Roger Kemp got his wish and investigators got their man. Two anonymous tipsters who had seen the Kansas City billboards recognized the photo and contacted police.

Today, law enforcement agencies nationwide say billboards ? especially digital ones ? have become a valuable tool in their high-tech crime-fighting arsenal. This week, more than a dozen electronic billboards began flashing pictures of little Lisa Irwin, the missing Kansas City baby who was 10 months old when her parents reported her missing Oct. 4.

Kansas City police said Friday they had pursued 934 of the 1,059 tips they've received, but still have no solid leads. Hundreds of investigators have combed wooded and other areas but each search has come up empty, they said.

Lamar Advertising Co. has put Lisa's picture, a phone number and information about a $100,000 reward on its 15 electronic billboards in the Kansas City metropolitan area as a public service, CEO Bob Fessler said.

The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has a deal with digital billboard operators nationwide in which the organization can override the messages on the signs and replace them with Amber Alerts whenever they're issued. That happened on the day Lisa disappeared.

The FBI credits digital billboards with helping nab 45 fugitives since pictures were first put on the signs. The Outdoor Advertising Association of America Inc. estimates the FBI will use roughly 40 million donated billboard slots in 2011, each lasting eight seconds.

Ken Kline, vice president with the Outdoor Advertising Association, said that since so many agencies ? local police, FBI, U.S. Marshal's Service and others ? are using the billboards to catch fugitives, there's no way to quantify how many people have been apprehended through their use. He said a "national estimate of multiple hundreds would be conservative."

But acceptance of digital billboards is not universal. Kansas City has a moratorium in place restricting new billboards, and cities nationwide are grappling with an issue some feel is destroying the beauty of their neighborhoods and countryside while also distracting drivers.

"We receive a lot of complaints from individuals who live in neighborhoods, and motorists who are concerned about the additional distractions and dangers billboards pose," said John Regenbogen, executive director of Scenic Missouri, which touts billboard control as one of its top issues. "When digital billboards come into a community, they're often met with outcry from residents."

They also keep missing children in the public eye. Fessler said his company, which donated those first billboards for Kemp's campaign in 2003, wanted to help gather tips in Lisa Irwin's search by keeping her image displayed on the billboards.

"After the Kemp case, we got a lot of phone calls about anything from missing people to cold cases," Fessler said. "We treat it as a public service. We don't charge for it."

Fessler's company has been embroiled in a multi-year dispute with Kansas City over electronic billboards after the city banned them in 2007. The city now has a moratorium that allows the handful of digital billboards to remain, but places strict restrictions on new signs.

Carol Winterowd, who has been active in the fight against billboard proliferation in Kansas City, said there are several alternatives for getting information out.

"We have more (billboards) than we need," she said, adding that posting pictures of criminals and Amber Alerts is fine, while also claiming electronic billboards can be a safety hazard. "Attention should be on the road, not looking at billboards."

Kemp's daughter, Ali, was 19 when she was found raped and murdered June 2002 at a Leawood, Kan., swimming pool where she worked. After Kemp found Ali's body, he relentlessly pursued her killer.

He said he was driving down the highway when the billboard idea hit him. He approached Lamar Advertising about buying a billboard ad, but the company instead donated space for several.

About 16 months later, two people who recognized the person on the billboard contacted police and led them to Benjamin Appleby, a former pool cleaner who had moved to Connecticut and was living under an assumed name. Appleby confessed and eventually was convicted of capital murder.

Kemp doesn't like talking about his daughter's murder ? as his suddenly shaky voice and glassy eyes attest ? and he refers to Appleby only as "that predator." He talks about it, he said, only because sharing Ali's story might help avoid a similar tragedy.

"... It takes a lot out of me," Kemp said. "But I want these predators off the street. If they get away with it, they escalate it. They think they can just get away with stuff. We've got to get them off the street. We cannot tolerate it."

After Appleby's capture, Kemp spread the word about how the billboard ads helped bring his daughter's killer to justice. He has spoken to groups across the country and recently was in Washington to receive the 2011 Presidential Citizens Medal from President Barack Obama for his work with The Ali Kemp Defense Education Foundation, or TAKE, which trains women to fight off attackers.

"Roger Kemp was a key catalyst of the modern application of the 'wanted' billboard," Kline said. "He basically revived an old idea and made it better. In essence he said, if this worked in Ali's case, it could work in other cases. And indeed, it has."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2011-10-29-Missing%20Baby-Billboards/id-dc046856a8d449e896bbe623c293ea85

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EA raises forecast less than expected, shares fall (Reuters)

(Reuters) ? Electronic Arts Inc's (ERTS.O) second-quarter results beat Wall Street estimates and the video game maker raised its earnings forecast because of the upcoming holiday title "Star Wars: The Old Republic," which it expects to be a hit.

But EA's shares fell more than 4 percent in after-hours trading because investors were puzzled the company did not raise its earnings outlook by more.

For the full year, the company raised its outlook to a range of 75 cents to 90 cents per share, compared with a previous range of 70 cents to 90 cents.

Raising the low-end of its outlook by a nickel was not enough for Wall Street, which had hoped EA would post a stellar second-half of the year. Some analysts are expecting full year EPS to be as high as $1.13 per share, according to Thomson-Reuters I/B/E/S.

"People were expecting a bit more and wondering what is happening in the ongoing quarter, so they are taking the stock down," said Sterne Agee analyst Arvind Bhatia.

For the full-year, the company now expects revenue of $4.050 billion to $4.20 billion, ahead of analysts' expectations of $4.1 billion.

The company's finance chief Eric Brown said in an interview the company is raising its earnings outlook on the strength of digital revenue, which comes from online games that can be played on PCs such as "Star Wars.

"We're quite confident that we're going to easily clear $1 billion in overall digital revenue in our full fiscal year 2012," Brown said."

Brown said "hundreds of thousands" of people have pre-ordered "Star Wars," the online game that EA hopes will rival Activision Blizzard's "World of Warcraft," which has more than 12 million subscribers. EA is said to be spending more than $100 million to develop "Star Wars." The game comes out on December 20.

EA, like many video games companies, is starting to offer a wide range of games played over the Internet and on Facebook, to compete with upstarts such as Zynga, which develops simple, casual games.

The company wants to sell more digital content to consumers because it has higher margins than selling games to consumers on discs and does not have to give a cut to brick and mortar stores such as GameStop Corp (GME.N).

EA said on Thursday that six million customers have downloaded the digital platform it unveiled earlier this year, where users can download full-PC games directly from EA. Gamers will be able to download the Star Wars game over that system.

Brown, the CFO, also said EA's highly anticipated shooter game, "Battlefield 3," which came out earlier this week, "is meeting expectations."

"We think the title will do well, not just in the launch week, but into the holiday season and into next year as well," he said.

EA's aim is to gradually chip away at Activision Blizzard Inc's (ATVI.O) "Call of Duty" series and gain enough momentum to take the crown back from its rival in the next few years.

In the quarter ended September 30, the second-largest U.S. video game publisher's adjusted revenue rose 17 percent to $1.03 billion, which beat analysts' expectations for $966.56 million.

The main drivers were sales of EA's sports games such as "FIFA 12" and "Madden NFL 12," which were up 20 percent from a year earlier.

Taking into account the deferral of digital revenue from online games, EA's adjusted earnings per share was 5 cents per share, which breezed past Wall Street's expectations of a loss of 4 cents per share.

EA shares were trading more than 4 percent lower at $23.30 in after-hours trading.

(Corrects analysts' expectations for adjusted revenue to $966.56 million, not billion, fourth paragraph from end)

(Reporting by Liana B. Baker; editing by Richard Chang and Andre Grenon)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/videogames/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111028/tc_nm/us_electronicarts

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US Funds Aggressive Tech To Cut Solar Power Costs

The argument goes like this: if the private sector invests in something risky and fails, it is Capitalism and it is Good; when the government does it, itis Socialism, and it is Bad.

All the argument is specious: CEOs invest in their golfing friends' companies, and they don't invest their own money: they invest the shareholder's. Think of the governement as a very large, highly diversify corporation (really, it is not very diversified, it mostly does insurance and has an army; but it also has a whole buch of minor subsidiaries doing a bit of everything). The question is, since the government is this huge corporation which cannot go bankrupt, what should it invest in?

Clearly, high risk, long-term stuff. In a way, like IBM. The only problem with those failed investments (and if you invest in high-risk stuff, you will fail most of the times) is that they clearly were way too application oriented and short-term!

On a more philosophical note, it is wholly reasonable that the governement does the high-risk stuff: it cannot fail. Also, we expect corporations to be profitable every quarter, whereas the government has the luxury of needing only to stay solvant -- which, when you can print your own money is not overly difficult.

Source: http://rss.slashdot.org/~r/Slashdot/slashdotScience/~3/TZsX2gE2SbM/us-funds-aggressive-tech-to-cut-solar-power-costs

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Car bomb kills anti-terror chief in south Yemen (AP)

SANAA, Yemen ? A car bomb killed the head of the anti-terror force in Yemen's restive southern Abyan province Friday, a Yemeni security official said.

Three others, including two children, were wounded in the blast that killed Ali al-Haddi near the coastal city of Aden. The bomb was planted in al-Haddi's car, the official said.

Security has broken down across Yemen during the nine-month popular uprising against autocratic President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has ruled the country for more than 30 years. Demonstrations raged around the country on Friday.

Al-Qaida-linked militants have taken over a number of towns in Abyan, along the country's south coast, where they regularly engage in deadly clashes with security forces. Yemeni authorities also accuse them of targeting security officials.

The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk brief the media.

Tens of thousands marched in anti-government demonstrations across Yemen Friday. Protesters have been on the streets nearly every day since January, despite a bloody government crackdown.

In the central city of Taiz, security forces opened fire on marchers carrying the bodies of protesters killed in recent days, wounding five people, activists said.

Thousands also marched in the capital Sanaa, where government troops have been clashing with army defectors who have joined the protests and armed men loyal to Yemen's most powerful tribal chief, who supports the opposition.

A medical official said a 28-year-old woman was killed in crossfire Friday in Sanaa during a gunbattle between the two sides. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the press.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/terrorism/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111028/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_yemen

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Margaret Paul, Ph.D.: Does Your Fear of Failure Stop You?

Failure!

What do you feel when you think about failure? Inadequate? Unworthy? Unlovable? It is so sad that you might have learned to link failure to your value as a person.

Most people who are successful in their work and their relationships have experienced many failures along their road to success. Thomas Edison is often quoted regarding failure:

I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.
I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward.
Many of life's failures are men who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.
Show me a thoroughly satisfied man, and I will show you a failure.

If Edison has been afraid of failure, or believed that failure meant he was inadequate, he would never have invented the light bulb!

In order to achieve success in any area of your life, you need to redefine failure. Instead of seeing failure as an indication of your inadequacy or lack of worth, you need to see failure as a stepping stone to success. Some of the most financially-successful people experienced repeated failures.

• Walt Disney was a high school drop out who suffered bankruptcy and repeated financial and business disasters.
• Milton Hershey, chocolate maker and founder of the famous Hershey Foods Corp., found success only after filing for bankruptcy for his first four candy companies.
• Henry Ford filed for bankruptcy for the first car company he started. He didn't succeed until he started his third company, Ford Motor Company.
• After P.T. Barnum, American showman, went bankrupt, he joined forces with circus operator James A. Bailey to found Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth.
• Quaker Oats went bankrupt three times, as did Wrigley from Wrigley's Gum. Pepsi-Cola went bankrupt twice. Other famous companies that also went bankrupt are Birds Eye Frozen Foods, Borden's,? and Aunt Jemima.
• Albert Einstein did poorly in elementary school, and he failed his first college entrance exam at Zurich Polytechnic.
• Winston Churchill had a lifetime of defeats and setbacks before becoming prime minister of England at age 62. All of his greatest accomplishments and contributions came when he was a senior citizen.
• Sir Laurence Olivier, one of the greatest actors of the 20th century, tripped over the door sill and fell headfirst into the floodlights the very first time he had ever set foot on the professional stage.
• Woody Allen flunked motion picture production at New York University and the City College of New York and failed English at NYU.
• Astronaut Ed Gibson flunked first and fourth grades.
• Lucille Ball was once dismissed from drama school for being too quiet and shy.

If these successful people had been afraid of failure, they would never have offered their talents to the world. They were able to go on to success because they saw failure as a learning opportunity, rather than as an indication of their inadequacy.

Are you ready to change your concept of failure? Are you ready to let go of worrying about what failure says about you and just learn from it? Are you ready to free your soul to do what you really want to do?

If the fear of failure is stopping you from doing what you really want to do, I encourage you to change your concept of failure. I encourage you to let go of your old way of seeing failure and start to envision failures as learning opportunities on the way to success. Just as Thomas Edison did, I encourage you to see every failure as a step forward.

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/margaret-paul-phd/fear-of-failure_b_1032331.html

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Exclusive: Taylor Armstrong shares healing

Life & Style

In her first magazine interview since the death of her estranged spouse, Russell Armstrong, "Real Housewives" star Taylor Armstrong talks healing.

By Ree Hines

"Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" star Taylor Armstrong is ready to get back to life and start loving herself after the recent?suicide of her estranged spouse, Russell Armstrong. In a preview of a new interview with the reality star, provided exclusively to TODAY.com?by Life & Style magazine, Armstrong revealed that she's healing herself by helping others heal.

?I?ve been taking care of myself the best I can,? Armstrong explained to L&S.

Part of the process for Armstrong includes giving her time and efforts to battered women's groups. Her work with foundations, such as the 1736 Family Crisis Center and Fashion for a Cause, helps more than just?the women in the centers.

?I?m looking into projects that can help women,? Armstrong said in the interview. ?The more I can help heal others, the more I heal myself. It gives me strength.?

She also helps herself by focusing on the needs of her 5-year-old daughter, Kennedy.

?My daughter?s my priority ? and spending time with her heals me,? she confessed.

Read the full interview when this week's issue of Life & Style hits newsstands nationwide on Friday.

Have you been keeping up with Armstrong's struggles and watching her on the current season of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills"? Share your thoughts about her our Facebook page!

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Source: http://theclicker.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/10/26/8495078-exclusive-housewives-star-taylor-armstrong-shares-healing-process

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RBI warns of growth risk ahead of rate decision (Reuters)

MUMBAI (Reuters) ? The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said inflation remains "sticky" even though risks to growth have risen, while weakening investment imperils growth for the next fiscal year, complicating its policymaking task a day before it is expected to raise interest rates.

Tuesday's forecast rate increase by the RBI would be its 13th since March 2010.

"The baseline inflation path still remains sticky and broadly unchanged from earlier projections. On the other hand, growth risks have increased on account of global headwinds and domestic factors," the central bank noted on Monday in its quarterly report on macroeconomic and monetary developments.

India's economy grew at 7.7 percent in the June quarter, its weakest pace in six quarters, but inflation came in at 9.7 percent in September despite monetary policy tightening that has made the RBI one of the most aggressive central banks anywhere over the last year-and-a-half.

It said it was "inevitable" that some growth would be sacrificed in a high inflation environment.

Of 30 analysts polled last week by Reuters, 17 expect the Reserve Bank of India to increase the key lending rate by 25 basis points on Tuesday, while 13 expect it to hold the rate steady. The forecasts were among the most balanced in recent quarters.

"The language has definitely softened," said Rupa Rege Nitsure, chief economist at Bank of Baroda in Mumbai.

"Earlier, language used to stress more on management of inflation alone," she said, adding that Monday's report reinforces her expectation that the central bank will leave rates on hold on Tuesday.

The central bank said investment demand is softening due to tighter monetary policy, impediments to completing big projects, weakening business confidence and a slowing global economy.

It said planned investment in new projects has fallen "significantly" since the second half of the fiscal year that ended in March, and remained low in the April-June quarter, when project finance data from 33 banks showed a 44 percent drop-off in loan approvals from a year earlier.

"Consequently, the pipeline of investment is likely to shrink, putting growth in 2012-13 at risk," the RBI's report said. The 2012-13 fiscal year starts in April 2012.

Since March 2010, the RBI has raised the repo rate , its policy interest rate, by a total of 350 basis points to 8.25 percent, and its recent hawkishness has made it an outlier at a time when central banks elsewhere are focused on boosting growth.

Whatever the RBI does on Tuesday, it is then widely expected to leave rates on hold for the remainder of the fiscal year.

However, inflation remains well above the RBI's March 2012 projection of 7 percent, and the central bank noted that the recent decline in the rupee, which is down more than 13 percent against the dollar since its 2011 peak in late July, adds a new source of inflationary pressure.

The central bank said India was unlikely to benefit significantly from a decline in global commodity prices, given domestic subsidies that partly insulated it from earlier high prices.

It said domestic food inflation remains high due to demand-supply mismatches in non-cereal crops and upward revisions in government price minimums.

The RBI's perceived comfort zone for inflation is 4-4.5 percent.

"Domestic price pressures still remain significant and broad-based," the RBI noted.

(Editing by Malini Menon)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/india/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111024/india_nm/india600925

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Researchers have found evidence for the existence of a hypnotic state

Public release date: 25-Oct-2011
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Sakari Kallio
sakari.kallio@his.se
46-704-489-489
Academy of Finland

The key was in the glazed staring eyes

Researchers have found evidence for the existence of a hypnotic state -- the key was in the glazed staring eyes

A multidisciplinary group of researchers from Finland (University of Turku and Aalto University) and Sweden (University of Skvde) has found that strange stare may be a key that can eventually lead to a solution to this long debate about the existence of a hypnotic state.

One of the most widely known features of a hypnotized person in the popular culture is a glazed, wide-open look in the eyes. Paradoxically, this sign has not been considered to have any major importance among researchers and has never been studied in any detail, probably due to the fact that it can be seen in only some hypnotized people.

This study was done with a very highly hypnotizable participant who can be hypnotized and dehypnotized by just using a one-word cue. The change between hypnotic state and normal state can thus be varied in seconds.

The researchers used high-resolution eye-tracking methodology and presented a set of well-established oculomotor tasks that trigger automatic eye behavior. They found the glazed stare was accompanied by objectively measurable changes in automatic, reflexive eye behavior that could not be imitated by non-hypnotized participants.

In the field of hypnosis research this result means that hypnosis can no longer be regarded as mental imagery that takes place during a totally normal waking state of consciousness. On the other hand, the result may have wider consequences for psychology and cognitive neuroscience, since it provides the first evidence of the existence of a conscious state in humans that has previously not been scientifically confirmed.

Hypnosis has had a long and controversial history in psychology, psychiatry and neurology. For over 100 years researchers have debated if a special hypnotic state exists or whether it is just about using cognitive strategies and mental imagery in a normal waking state. So far, a hypnotic state has never been convincingly demonstrated, and therefore, many researchers regard the hypnotic state to be just a popular myth in psychology.

###

The results were published in the journal PLoS ONE 24.10.2011.

Link to the article: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026374

Link to the picture: Eyes in the normal waking state and under hypnosis: http://www.utu.fi/tiedostot/tiedotteet/hypnosis.tif

The authors have also provided a video-clip where the change in the eye-behavior of the participant is shown: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchSingleRepresentation.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026374.s001

Contact information:
Sakari Kallio
University of Skvde / University of Turku
tel. 46-70-4489489, 358-44-5445070
email: sakari.kallio@his.se

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 25-Oct-2011
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Sakari Kallio
sakari.kallio@his.se
46-704-489-489
Academy of Finland

The key was in the glazed staring eyes

Researchers have found evidence for the existence of a hypnotic state -- the key was in the glazed staring eyes

A multidisciplinary group of researchers from Finland (University of Turku and Aalto University) and Sweden (University of Skvde) has found that strange stare may be a key that can eventually lead to a solution to this long debate about the existence of a hypnotic state.

One of the most widely known features of a hypnotized person in the popular culture is a glazed, wide-open look in the eyes. Paradoxically, this sign has not been considered to have any major importance among researchers and has never been studied in any detail, probably due to the fact that it can be seen in only some hypnotized people.

This study was done with a very highly hypnotizable participant who can be hypnotized and dehypnotized by just using a one-word cue. The change between hypnotic state and normal state can thus be varied in seconds.

The researchers used high-resolution eye-tracking methodology and presented a set of well-established oculomotor tasks that trigger automatic eye behavior. They found the glazed stare was accompanied by objectively measurable changes in automatic, reflexive eye behavior that could not be imitated by non-hypnotized participants.

In the field of hypnosis research this result means that hypnosis can no longer be regarded as mental imagery that takes place during a totally normal waking state of consciousness. On the other hand, the result may have wider consequences for psychology and cognitive neuroscience, since it provides the first evidence of the existence of a conscious state in humans that has previously not been scientifically confirmed.

Hypnosis has had a long and controversial history in psychology, psychiatry and neurology. For over 100 years researchers have debated if a special hypnotic state exists or whether it is just about using cognitive strategies and mental imagery in a normal waking state. So far, a hypnotic state has never been convincingly demonstrated, and therefore, many researchers regard the hypnotic state to be just a popular myth in psychology.

###

The results were published in the journal PLoS ONE 24.10.2011.

Link to the article: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026374

Link to the picture: Eyes in the normal waking state and under hypnosis: http://www.utu.fi/tiedostot/tiedotteet/hypnosis.tif

The authors have also provided a video-clip where the change in the eye-behavior of the participant is shown: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchSingleRepresentation.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026374.s001

Contact information:
Sakari Kallio
University of Skvde / University of Turku
tel. 46-70-4489489, 358-44-5445070
email: sakari.kallio@his.se

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/aof-rhf102511.php

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Solo, Wambach, Marta up for player of the year

/

updated 9:30 a.m. ET Oct. 25, 2011

ZURICH - United States goalkeeper Hope Solo and forward Abby Wambach were nominated on Tuesday for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Player of the Year award, competing with five-time winner Marta of Brazil.

Japan, the 2011 Women's World Cup winner, has Homare Sawa, the player of the tournament and top scorer in Germany, and Aya Miyama on the shortlist of 10 candidates.

U.S. forward Alex Morgan is the third member of the World Cup runner-up team to be nominated. France playmaker Louisa Necib also made the list chosen by FIFA officials and journalists selected by France Football magazine.

Marta, who helped the Western New York Flash win the Women's Professional Soccer title last season, is seeking to win the FIFA award for a sixth straight year. She is the only player selected from the Brazil squad eliminated by the U.S. in the World Cup quarterfinals.

Japan coach Norio Sasaki and the U.S. team's Swedish coach Pia Sundhage are among 10 candidates for the best coach of a women's team in 2011. Sasaki is one of seven men on the list.

Award organizers FIFA and France Football magazine will reveal the final three candidates on Dec. 5.

FIFA will announce the 10-candidate lists next Tuesday for the men's Golden Ball and best coach awards

The winners will be announced Jan. 9 at the FIFA Gala in Zurich.

Voting is by national team coaches and captains plus selected journalists.

Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Source: http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/45027559/ns/sports-soccer/

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Photographer who captured rock's golden age dies (AP)

WOODSTOCK, N.Y. ? Photographer Barry Feinstein, who captured behind-the-scenes images from rock's golden age and shot iconic album covers for Bob Dylan and George Harrison, has died in upstate New York. He was 80.

Agent Dave Brolan says the Woodstock resident died early Thursday. He'd suffered various ailments and was hospitalized with an infection.

Feinstein's best known images include the skinny, side-glancing picture of Dylan on the cover of 1963's "The Times They Are A Changin'" and of Harrison sitting among garden gnomes on his first solo album, "All Things Must Pass."

But Feinstein had a varied career that ranged from shooting Hollywood stars like Steve McQueen and Judy Garland to top rock stars of the 1960s and 1970s.

Feinstein is survived by wife Judith Jamieson and two children from previous marriages.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/obits/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111020/ap_en_mu/us_obit_feinstein

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AP-GfK Poll: Public down on economy, Obama cures (AP)

WASHINGTON ? The extreme funk that settled over the country during the summer has eased slightly, but Americans remain gloomy about the economy and more than half say President Barack Obama does not inspire confidence about a recovery.

A sizable majority ? more than 7 in 10 ? believe the country is headed in the wrong direction and, in a new high, 43 percent describe the nation's economy as "very poor," according to a new Associated Press-GfK poll. Among those surveyed, less than 40 percent say Obama's proposed remedies for high unemployment would increase jobs significantly.

The pessimism is not a good sign for the nation's recovery hopes and presents a more urgent challenge for Obama as he mounts his re-election bid.

About 4 in 10 think unemployment will rise in the coming year; just 23 percent expect it to decrease. And few expect the government to be able to help. Only 41 percent say the government can do much to create jobs, and less than 40 percent say the main elements of Obama's jobs proposal would increase employment significantly.

What's more, expectations for the coming year have not improved, with 41 percent believing the economy will remain the same, 27 percent saying it will get worse and 30 percent saying it will improve.

In a glimmer of a bright spot, less than a quarter of those surveyed say they think the economy worsened in the past month, compared with nearly half who felt that way in August. And Obama could find some solace in the poll's finding that 44 percent place heavy blame for the economy's state on President George W. Bush, while 27 percent put the blame on him.

Still, the public's mood is decidedly downbeat, creating yet another obstacle to economic growth, which relies in part on public optimism to spur demand.

Illustrating Obama's precarious perch, 9 percent of survey respondents who said he deserves to be re-elected said they could vote for one of the three leading Republicans seeking the presidential nomination.

"If (GOP presidential contender Mitt) Romney and Obama were going head to head at this point in time I would probably move to Romney," said Dale Bartholomew, 58, a manufacturing equipment salesman from Marengo, Ill. Bartholomew said he agrees with Obama's proposed economic remedies and said partisan divisions have blocked the president's initiatives.

But, he added: "His inability to rally the political forces, if you will, to accomplish his goal is what disappoints me."

Despite the high number of people who believe the country is headed in the wrong direction, Obama himself gets some benefit of the doubt. His approval ratings are holding steady, with 46 percent approving of his job as president and 52 percent disapproving. Obama's standing with the public is weakest on the economy and in his efforts to tackle unemployment, with about 6 in 10 disapproving of his handling of both.

Obama's standing still vastly exceeds that of Congress. In a slight improvement, Congress' approval ratings rose from its August low of 12 percent to 16 percent. Still, 82 percent disapprove of Congress, including 56 percent who say they "strongly disapprove."

Little illustrates the decline in the public's faith in Obama more than the sharp dip in confidence he has experienced since the highs he enjoyed immediately after his election. Specifically, only 43 percent of the respondents say they are confident that Obama "will be successful in bringing about the changes needed to improve the economy," compared with 72 percent who said they were confident of his abilities in November 2008.

"I believe he is doing all he knows how, but it's just not working," said Ann Anderson, 49, a college administrator from Homer Glen, Ill.

Democrats tend to stick by the president, expressing much more confidence in his ability to turn the economy around. More than 7 in 10 say they are at least somewhat confident of his abilities to improve the economy. Among independents, 37 percent are that confident and only 11 percent of Republicans share that view.

Still, the disappointment in Obama extends to some Democrats who believe he should stand his ground.

"When Obama got elected I was real hopeful for a lot of changes," said Dave Buerger, 60, a part-time registered nurse from New Salisbury, Ind. "Overall I would say that I'm real disappointed in his concessions to the banks and Wall Street and the Republicans. I think he needs to be more liberal and stand his ground more. I think he's given in too much."

When it comes to compromise, 72 percent of respondents said Republicans were not doing enough to cooperate with Obama, whereas only 47 percent said Obama was not doing enough to cooperate with Republicans.

Even as the public expresses disappointment in Obama and disapproval of Congress, only 41 percent of respondents say the government can do quite a bit or a great deal to create jobs. Three out of 10 believe government's impact on jobs is moderate and 29 percent say it can help create little or no jobs at all.

Similarly, a majority of the public does not hold much hope for the job creation prospects of either Obama's $447 billion jobs proposal or for measures proposed by congressional Republicans.

Obama's plan to create jobs by increasing spending on public works projects such as schools, roads and bridges finds only 37 percent of respondents believing it will create a significant number of jobs. Tax credits to companies that hire those who have unemployed for six months or more elicits a similar response.

Only 27 percent of the respondents said a Republican proposal that reduces regulations on businesses would create a significant number of jobs; 45 percent say it would create few or no jobs.

The poll, however, found substantial support ? 62 percent ? for a proposal by Senate Democrats to pay for Obama's jobs proposal with a surtax on incomes over $1 million. One quarter of the respondents opposed the idea and 10 percent said they were neutral. Though the surtax has little or no chance of passing, the poll results underscore the view of Democrats that the proposal has political appeal.

Anderson, the college administrator from Illinois, voiced cautious support for the tax on millionaires.

"That's a tough call. Yes, I do, but that's only because I'm not one of them," she said. "Should they pay their fair share? Absolutely. Should they pay a certain percentage? I don't know how to answer that."

But Teresa Rowe, 53, a dance team consultant from Richland, Wash., said she preferred an overhaul of the entire tax system.

"They'll go after the millionaires first and then those slightly below millionaires. It's a slippery slope," she said. "They need to look at the entire tax system and revise the whole system."

The Associated Press-GfK Poll was conducted Oct. 13-17 by GfK Roper Public Affairs and Corporate Communications. It involved landline and cellphone interviews with 1,000 adults nationwide, and had a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 4 percentage points.

___

Associated Press writers Nancy Benac and Stacy A. Anderson and News Survey Specialist Dennis Junius contributed to this report.

___

Online:

Poll: http://www.ap-gfkpoll.com

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/obama/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111021/ap_on_go_pr_wh/us_obama_economy_poll

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Just Show Me: How to use the Notification Center on your iPhone or iPad (Yahoo! News)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]Yahoo! News - Welcome to Just Show Me on Tecca TV, where we show you tips and tricks for getting the most out of the gadgets in your life. In today's episode we'll show you how to use the Notification Center on your iPhone or ?

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/techblog/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_technews/20111019/tc_yblog_technews/just-show-me-how-to-use-the-notification-center-on-your-iphone-or-ipad

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Voters Pass Initiative Aimed At Stopping Alaska Mine

Voters in southwest Alaska have narrowly passed an initiative aimed at stopping an open pit copper and gold mine. The proposed Pebble Mine is near one of the largest sockeye salmon spawning areas. But whether digging continues will likely be decided in the Alaska State Supreme Court.

Copyright ? 2011 National Public Radio?. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.

MELISSA BLOCK, host: And now to a story from southwest Alaska. Voters there have narrowly passed an initiative aimed at stopping a huge gold and copper mining operation. The proposed Pebble Mine is near one of the world's largest sockeye salmon spawning areas, but as Daysha Eaton of member station KDLG reports, the fight to block the mine isn't over yet.

DAYSHA EATON: Environmentalists and conservation groups are celebrating a victory after the Save Our Salmon initiative passed Monday. Anders Gustafson is the executive director of the Anchorage-based Renewable Resources Coalition, an organization that's brought together commercial, sport and subsistence fishers in opposition to the development of the giant gold and copper prospect. He says, despite a close margin, the vote should be a wakeup call for the mining companies.

ANDERS GUSTAFSON: The bottom line is the majority of the people in the region have taken a strong stance and passed an initiative that should send a strong signal to administrative folks at Anglo-American and Northern Dynasty that they're not welcome here.

EATON: Voter turnout was high, more than 50 percent. The ballot measure passed by just 34 votes. Mike Heatwole is a spokesman for the Pebble partnership and represents the mining companies. He sees the narrow margin as a good sign.

MIKE HEATWOLE: A lot of folks are taking second, third, maybe fourth looks at where we are with the project and the economic opportunity that it may present if it can live up to the high environmental standards that the state and federal government has on the books for a project like this.

EATON: Heatwole says the mining companies hope the courts will overturn the initiative. Trefon Angasan represents Alaska natives closest to the proposed mine. He opposes the initiative because he believes fishing jobs are on the decline for local people and the mine would bring economic development.

TREFON ANGASAN: They've ruled out oil and gas because of the environmental issues. Now, they're ruling out hard rock mining. The only way that they can survive is to move on to a different life away from their homes, and once that happens we've lost the community forever.

EATON: Now, the initiative is headed back to court. The group developing the mine is challenging its legality. Alaska's attorney general argues the initiative would be unenforceable. The Constitution gives the legislature, not boroughs, authority over the development of state resources.

For NPR News, I'm Daysha Eaton in Dillingham, Alaska.

Copyright ? 2011 National Public Radio?. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to National Public Radio. This transcript is provided for personal, noncommercial use only, pursuant to our Terms of Use. Any other use requires NPR's prior permission. Visit our permissions page for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for NPR, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio.

Source: http://www.npr.org/2011/10/18/141477178/voters-pass-initiative-aimed-at-stopping-alaska-mine?ft=1&f=1007

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How You Really Need To Wash Your Food -- And Your Hands

By Beth Ricanati, M.D. for YouBeauty

We make thousands of choices every day about what to eat, what to wear, where to shop. We are so busy making these choices that sometimes we forget to make some basic choices that can save our lives and help us feel better.

For example, washing our hands. For another example, washing our fruits and vegetables.

We live in a global world, and our food comes from all over. Just because we all aspire to eat better, (which usually also means eating more locally grown food) doesn't mean this always happens.

Earlier this month, the CDC documented a nationwide food contamination with an outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes that affected cantaloupes. Unfortunately, many people were infected. Those infected were from all over the United States; in fact, at least twenty states reported cases.

More From YouBeauty
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MORE: How to Wash Your Hands

This unfortunate outbreak is a great reminder to us all about the choices that we make individually, every day, to be healthy.

It's not always the big three: eating well, exercising and exhaling (stress management).

Sometimes it's as simple as washing our hands, making sure that we wash our fruits and vegetables, and being mindful of other healthy kitchen safety tips.

These include handling raw meat and eggs safely (think, for example: using a separate cutting board and utensils to handle raw meat; washing the counter with soapy water; and of course washing your hands!); cooking meat thoroughly; and checking your refrigerator to make sure that it is below 40 degrees Fahrenheit and that your freezer is set to 0 or below degrees Fahrenheit.

While I'm at it, let's talk for a moment about hand washing.

It's something we are all supposed to do, and we all think that we know how to wash our hands. Right? Come on? We've been doing this simple act all of our lives. But do you really wash your hands long enough? Most of us don't, and hand washing is perhaps one of the easiest ways to keep ourselves and those around us healthy. (And in addition to food safety, flu season is just around the corner...) So, what to do: turn on the water, make it comfortable (you're going to be here for a few minutes, after all), put some soap on your hands and start to sing your favorite song (the ABC song, sung twice, works nicely in a pinch) and scrub your hands -- back and front, past your wrists -- under the water.

When you think you're done, scrub a bit longer.

Once your hands are rinsed, before turning off the water, grab a towel to both dry your hands and turn off the faucet. This last step is good practice for when you are in a public restroom, especially! Et voila, clean hands.

So, what five servings of fruits and vegetables today are you going to enjoy today? Of course, after you've washed them thoroughly first!

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/17/washing-vegetables_n_1015223.html

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T-Mobile's New Unlimited 4G Data Plans Are Only Kind of Unlimited [T-Mobile]

Just as other carriers are scaling back or phasing out unlimited data, T-Mobile is unleashing four no-contract unlimited plans targeted at budget-conscious, prepaid customers. Sound too good to be true? There's always a catch. More »

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Sony detects attacks on its networks, over 90,000 customer accounts locked (Yahoo! News)

Sony's networks are under attack again, but this time they were ready for it

Today, Sony's PlayStation Network and Sony Online Entertainment service are up and running in fine style, but if you rewind just a few months, you'll remember that it hasn't always been this way. Earlier this year, Sony suffered one of the worst cyber attacks on a company in recent memory. Millions of accounts were compromised, and Sony spent months cleaning up the mess. And according to a new press release by the company, someone is at it again.

Sony's Chief Information Security Officer (that's a title we wouldn't have wanted to have back in May), Philip Reitinger, revealed that someone with a large number of email and password combinations attempted to access the accounts of hundreds of thousands of PSN users. The attack resulted in roughly 93,000 accounts being fraudulently accessed, all of which have now been locked for security.

Given the small number of successful logins, Sony is quick to point out that the information used for the attack was not likely obtained from Sony or its affiliates, and probably originated elsewhere. To Sony's credit, the company appears to have learned its lesson from this year's snafu, where news of the attack was withheld and then only detailed once consumer outrage had reached its pinnacle. It's great to see that the company is doing its best to head this one off before it leads to confusion and additional headaches.

If you happen to have been one of the 93,000 PSN or SOE users whose count was breached, you'll be receiving an email directly from Sony with the steps you need to take to unlock your account and ensure it remains safe. And if you need some tips on making your passwords as secure as possible, let us guide you through it.

This article originally appeared on Tecca

More from Tecca:

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/personaltech/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_technews/20111012/tc_yblog_technews/sony-detects-attacks-on-its-networks-over-90000-customer-accounts-locked

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